Primary Glaucoma ๐ : Ophthalmology Lecture
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Primary Glaucoma ๐๏ธ is a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive optic nerve damage, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to irreversible vision loss if not managed promptly.
It is categorized mainly into Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma (PACG). In POAG, the drainage canals of the eye gradually become clogged over time, causing a slow increase in IOP, which damages the optic nerve.
This form of glaucoma is often asymptomatic in the early stages, with vision loss progressing so gradually that it may not be noticed until significant damage has occurred.
In contrast, PACG occurs when the iris is pushed or pulled forward, blocking the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris. This can lead to a sudden rise in IOP, causing acute symptoms such as severe eye pain, blurred vision, headache, nausea, and rainbow-colored halos around lights. PACG is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent permanent vision loss.
Key Features: Elevated Intraocular Pressure: A major risk factor for both types, though some patients may have normal tension glaucoma.
Optic Nerve Damage: Characterized by cupping of the optic disc and loss of peripheral vision.
Risk Factors: Include age, family history, race (more common in African Americans and Asians), and conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
Diagnosis involves comprehensive eye exams including tonometry (to measure IOP), ophthalmoscopy, perimetry (visual field test), and gonioscopy (to examine the drainage angle).
Management strategies include medications like prostaglandin analogs and beta-blockers, laser therapy, or surgical procedures to improve aqueous humor outflow. Early detection and regular monitoring are crucial in preserving vision and preventing glaucoma-related blindness. ๐ฅ๐ฉบ๐ฌ
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