Mixing sand of different densities creates bubbles and branches | Science News
Scientists observed how two layers of dry sand — heavy (white) and light (black) — can mix in fluidlike ways in a chamber. The grains are spurred into motion as the chamber vibrates and gas flows up from the bottom. In the first clip, the lighter layer of sand begins to bubble and stream up through the heavier layer, forming swirls and blobs that are similar to a phenomenon in fluid dynamics known as Rayleigh-Taylor instability. That phenomenon describes the patterns formed as a lighter fluid pushes its way into a denser fluid, such as the burbles of hot wax rising in a lava lamp. In the second clip, a blob of heavier particles within a layer of lighter sand doesn’t fall straight down like a raindrop. Instead, the blob spreads out and slides downward diagonally, separating into other blobs that in turn spread and slide, forming a long, branching path to the bottom.
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Video: C.P. McLaren et al/PNAS 2019
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