It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land. Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere have occurred. The cryosphere in Arctic is changing rapidly. Further, human influence is very likely the main driver of the global retreat of glaciers since the 1990s.
Heating of the climate system has caused global mean sea level rise through ice loss on land and thermal expansion from ocean warming. Thermal expansion explained fx 50% of sea level rise during 1971–2018, while ice loss from glaciers contributed 22% and ice sheets 20%.
The rate of ice-sheet loss increased by a factor of four between 1992–1999 and 2010–2019. Together, ice-sheet and glacier mass loss were the dominant contributors to global mean sea level rise during 2006–2018.
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