Classmethod explained in python
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certainly! in python, a `classmethod` is a method that is bound to the class rather than the instance of the class. this means that it can be called on the class itself, rather than on instances of the class. the first parameter of a `classmethod` is conventionally named `cls`, which refers to the class that the method is being called on.
key features of `classmethod`:
1. **bound to class**: it can access class attributes and methods, but not instance attributes or methods.
2. **factory methods**: often used to define alternative constructors for a class.
3. **inheritance**: it can be overridden in subclasses and will still be bound to the class that calls it.
defining a `classmethod`
to define a `classmethod`, you use the `@classmethod` decorator before the method definition.
example code
let's create a class called `book`. this class will use a class method to create instances from a string representation of the book.
explanation of the example
1. **class definition**: we define a class `book` with a constructor that initializes the title and author of the book and increments the `books_count` class attribute every time a book is created.
2. **class method `from_string`**:
this method takes a string input, splits it by a comma, and returns a new instance of `book`.
the method is marked with the `@classmethod` decorator and uses the `cls` parameter to create a new instance of the class.
3. **class method `get_books_count`**:
this method returns the total number of books created, using the `books_count` class attribute.
4. **creating instances**:
we create a `book` instance using the normal constructor.
we also create another `book` instance using the `from_string` class method.
5. **output**: the example demonstrates how to create instances and call class methods, showing how they can be useful for alternative constructors and class-level data.
when to use `classmethod`
when you need a method that i ...
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